Diagnosis of breast cancer using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: Comparison of a Monte Carlo versus partial least squares analysis based feature extraction technique.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE We explored the use of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectrum for the diagnosis of breast cancer. A physical model (Monte Carlo inverse model) and an empirical model (partial least squares analysis) based approach, were compared for extracting diagnostic features from the diffuse reflectance spectra. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS The physical model and the empirical model were employed to extract features from diffuse reflectance spectra measured from freshly excised breast tissues. A subset of extracted features obtained using each method showed statistically significant differences between malignant and non-malignant breast tissues. These features were separately input to a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to classify each tissue sample as malignant or non-malignant. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The features extracted from the Monte Carlo based analysis were hemoglobin saturation, total hemoglobin concentration, beta-carotene concentration and the mean (wavelength averaged) reduced scattering coefficient. Beta-carotene concentration was positively correlated and the mean reduced scattering coefficient was negatively correlated with percent adipose tissue content in normal breast tissues. In addition, there was a statistically significant decrease in the beta-carotene concentration and hemoglobin saturation, and a statistically significant increase in the mean reduced scattering coefficient in malignant tissues compared to non-malignant tissues. The features extracted from the partial least squares analysis were a set of principal components. A subset of principal components showed that the diffuse reflectance spectra of malignant breast tissues displayed an increased intensity over wavelength range of 440-510 nm and a decreased intensity over wavelength range of 510-600 nm, relative to that of non-malignant breast tissues. The diagnostic performance of the classification algorithms based on both feature extraction techniques yielded similar sensitivities and specificities of approximately 80% for discriminating between malignant and non-malignant breast tissues. While both methods yielded similar classification accuracies, the model based approach provided insight into the physiological and structural features that discriminate between malignant and non-malignant breast tissues.